For example, 844 million people still lack access to safe drinking water, and approximately 1000 children die each day due to diseases related to unsafe drinking water or sanitation. The first target is to “Achieve access to safe and affordable drinking water” before 2030 since water accessibility is not guaranteed for a significant 29% of humanity. SDG6 aims to “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” and includes eight global targets related to management of natural water resources, wastewater, and the environment.
They are the successors of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) signed in 2000, but these new goals incorporate a specific sixth SDG on water. There are 17 SDGs and all work towards “ending poverty in all its forms”. In September 2015, the same assembly announced the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the 2030 Agenda action plan. On 28 July 2010, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly recognised the human right to water and sanitation, declaring that clean drinking water and sanitation are essential to fulfil all human rights. Ensuring these basic needs is one of the greatest challenges currently facing humanity. However, accessibility and availability of safe drinking water (free from pathogens and priority chemical contamination) at the household level is not equal for all. Even so, there is sufficient drinking water on the planet to meet the needs of the population.
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Only 3.5% of the Earth’s water is freshwater and fit for human consumption and of this freshwater, only 1% is free flowing in rivers, lakes, or streams. Water is a precious but scarce resource that is essential for life. In addition to the type and concentration of pathogens in the untreated water, an ideal kinetic model should consider all critical factors affecting the efficiency of the process, such as intensity, spectral distribution of the solar radiation, container-wall transmission spectra, ageing of the SODIS reactor material, and chemical composition of the water, since the substances in the water can play a critical role as radiation attenuators and/or sensitisers triggering the inactivation process.
This work attempts to review the relevant knowledge about the impact of the SODIS variables and the techniques used to develop kinetic models described in the literature. The development of accurate kinetic models is crucial for ensuring the production of safe drinking water. In addition, an overestimation of the solar exposure time is usually recommended since the process success is often influenced by many factors beyond the control of the SODIS-user. Using container materials other than polyethylene terephthalate (PET) significantly increases the efficiency of inactivation of viruses and protozoa. Increasing the container volume can decrease the recontamination risk caused by handling several 2 L bottles. This review introduces the main parameters that influence the SODIS process and how new enhancements and modelling approaches can overcome some of the current drawbacks that limit its widespread adoption. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is one the cheapest and most suitable treatments to produce safe drinking water at the household level in resource-poor settings.
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